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Fuel cells are devices that generate electricity through chemical reactions between hydrogen or methanol and oxygen. As the process avoids combustion, it results in minimal emissions of carbon dioxide and other harmful gases, making fuel cells a low-environmental-impact energy solution. This technology is gaining attention worldwide as a promising next-generation energy source that aligns with global environmental goals.

The principle behind fuel cells is remarkably simple. Inside the system, hydrogen (H₂) and oxygen (O₂) undergo chemical reactions that create an electron flow, which can be harnessed as electricity. For instance, in a widely recognized type of fuel cell called the polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC), hydrogen is supplied to the positive electrode (anode) side while oxygen is supplied to the negative electrode (cathode) side. At the positive electrode, hydrogen molecules are split into electrons and protons. The electrons flow through a circuit, generating usable electric current, while the protons pass through an electrolyte membrane to the negative electrode, where they combine with oxygen to form water (H₂O). The main by-product, water, highlights the primary appeal of fuel cells as a clean energy source.

 

Fuel cells offer not only environmental benefits but also advantages like quiet operation and high energy efficiency. This makes them suitable for various applications, including powering vehicles, household energy systems, and emergency power supplies. In recent years, attention has rapidly increased towards the realization of a hydrogen society, and research, development, and implementation are progressing worldwide.

 However, the widespread adoption of fuel cells faces numerous challenges, including the high costs associated with hydrogen production and transportation, the development of refueling infrastructure, and the need for enhanced safety measures. Even so, innovative solutions such as fuel cell technologies that utilize "green hydrogen" produced from renewable energy or "yellow hydrogen" generated through nuclear power are gaining attention. These groundbreaking energy approaches hold the potential to accelerate progress toward realizing a carbon-neutral society. 

 Fuel cells will continue to evolve and expand their potential as a foundation of clean energy supporting a sustainable future. As their practical use advances, our society will undoubtedly take a significant step towards becoming more environmentally friendly and sustainable.